ted英语演讲稿(4篇)
简介：人有了钱就会变坏?社会心理学家paul piff通过操纵大富翁游戏做了一个有趣的实验，测试人们感到富有时会如何表现。
i want you to, for a moment, think about playing a game of monopoly, except in this game, that combination of skill, talent and luck that help earn you success in games, as in life, has been rendered irrelevant, because this game's been rigged, and you've got the upper hand. you've got more money, more opportunities to move around the board, and more access to resources. and as you think about that experience, i want you to ask yourself, how might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged game change the way that you think about yourself and regard that other player?
so we ran a study on the u.c. berkeley campus to look at exactly that question. we brought in more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab, and with the flip of a coin randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player in a rigged game. they got two times as much money. when they passed go, they collected twice the salary, and they got to roll both dice instead of one, so they got to move around the board a lot more. (laughter) and over the course of 15 minutes, we watched through hidden cameras what happened. and what i want to do today, for the first time, is show you a little bit of what we saw. you're going to have to pardon the sound quality, in some cases, because again, these were hidden cameras. so we've provided subtitles. rich player: how many 500s did you have? poor player: just one.
rich player: are you serious. poor player: yeah.
rich player: i have three. (laughs) i don't know why they gave me so much.
paul piff: okay, so it was quickly apparent to players that something was up. one person clearly has a lot more money than the other person, and yet, as the game unfolded, we saw very notable differences and dramatic differences begin to emerge between the two players. the rich player started to move around the board louder, literally smacking the board with their piece as he went around. we were more likely to see signs of dominance and nonverbal signs, displays of power and celebration among the rich players.
we had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side. it's on the bottom right corner there. that allowed us to watch participants' consummatory behavior. so we're just tracking how many pretzels participants eat.
rich player: are those pretzels a trick?
poor player: i don't know.
pp: okay, so no surprises, people are onto us. they wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there in the first place. one even asks, like you just saw, is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick? and yet, despite that, the power of the situation seems to inevitably dominate, and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.
rich player: i love pretzels.
(laughter)
pp: and as the game went on, one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns that we observed begin to emerge was that the rich players actually started to become ruder toward the other person, less and less sensitive to the plight of those poor, poor players, and more and more demonstrative of their material success, more likely to showcase how well they're doing. rich player: i have money for everything. poor player: how much is that? rich player: you owe me 24 dollars. you're going to lose all your money soon. i'll buy it. i have so much money. i have so much money, it takes me forever. rich player 2: i'm going to buy out this whole board. rich player 3: you're going to run out of money soon. i'm pretty much untouchable at this point.
pp: okay, and here's what i think was really, really interesting, is that at the end of the 15 minutes, we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game. and when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won in this rigged game of monopoly -- (laughter) — they talked about what they'd done to buy those different properties and earn their success in the game, and they became far less attuned to all those different features of the situation, including that flip of a coin that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position in the first place. and that's a really, really incredible insight into how the mind makes sense of advantage.
now this game of monopoly can be used as a metaphor for understanding society and its hierarchical structure, wherein some people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status, and a lot of people don't. they have a lot less wealth and a lot less status and a lot less access to valued resources. and what my colleagues and i for the last seven years have been doing is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies. what we've been finding across dozens of studies and thousands of participants across this country is that as a person's levels of wealth increase, their feelings of compassion and empathy go down, and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness, and their ideology of self-interest increases. in surveys, we found that it's actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize greed being good, and that the pursuit of self-interest is favorable and moral. now what i want to do today is talk about some of the implications of this ideology self-interest, talk about why we should care about those implications, and end with what might be done.
some of the first studies that we ran in this area looked at helping behavior, something social psychologists call pro-social behavior. and we were really interested in who's more likely to offer help to another person, someone who's rich or someone who's poor. in one of the studies, we bring in rich and poor members of the community into the lab and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars. we told the participants that they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves, or they could share a portion of it, if they wanted to, with a stranger who is totally anonymous. they'll never meet that stranger and the stranger will never meet them. and we just monitor how much people give. individuals who made 25,000 sometimes under 15,000 dollars a year, gave 44 percent more of their money to the stranger than did individuals making 150,000 or 200,000 dollars a year.
we've had people play games to see who's more or less likely to cheat to increase their chances of winning a prize. in one of the games, we actually rigged a computer so that die rolls over a certain score were impossible. you couldn't get above 12 in this game, and yet, the richer you were, the more likely you were to cheat in this game to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize, sometimes by three to four times as much.
we ran another study where we looked at whether people would be inclined to take candy from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified as being reserved for children -- (laughter) — participating -- i'm not kidding. i know it sounds like i'm making a joke. we explicitly told participants this jar of candy's for children participating in a developmental lab nearby. they're in studies. this is for them. and we just monitored how much candy participants took. participants who felt rich took two times as much candy as participants who felt poor.
we've even studied cars, not just any cars, but whether drivers of different kinds of cars are more or less inclined to break the law. in one of these studies, we looked at whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk. now in california, as you all know, because i'm sure we all do this, it's the law to stop for a pedestrian who's waiting to cross. so here's an example of how we did it. that's our confederate off to the left posing as a pedestrian. he approaches as the red truck successfully stops. in typical california fashion, it's overtaken by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over. (laughter) now here's an example of a more expensive car, a prius, driving through, and a bmw doing the same. so we did this for hundreds of vehicles on several days, just tracking who stops and who doesn't. what we found was that as the expensiveness of a car increased, the driver's tendencies to break the law increased as well. none of the cars, none of the cars in our least expensive car category broke the law. close to 50 percent of the cars in our most expensive vehicle category broke the law. we've run other studies finding that wealthier individuals are more likely to lie in negotiations, to endorse unethical behavior at work like stealing cash from the cash register, taking bribes, lying to customers.
now i don't mean to suggest that it's only wealthy people who show these patterns of behavior. not at all. in fact, i think that we all, in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives, struggle with these competing motivations of when, or if, to put our own interests above the interests of other people. and that's understandable because the american dream is an idea in which we all have an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper, as long as we apply ourselves and work hard, and a piece of that means that sometimes, you need to put your own interests above the interests and well-being of other people around you. but what we're finding is that, the wealthier you are, the more likely you are to pursue a vision of personal success, of achievement and accomplishment, to the detriment of others around you. here i've plotted for you the mean household income received by each fifth and top five percent of the population over the last 20 years. in 1993, the differences between the different quintiles of the population, in terms of income, are fairly egregious. it's not difficult to discern that there are differences. but over the last 20 years, that significant difference has become a grand canyon of sorts between those at the top and everyone else. in fact, the top 20 percent of our population own close to 90 percent of the total wealth in this country. we're at unprecedented levels of economic inequality. what that means is that wealth is not only becoming increasingly concentrated in the hands of a select group of individuals, but the american dream is becoming increasingly unattainable for an increasing majority of us. and if it's the case, as we've been finding, that the wealthier you are, the more entitled you feel to that wealth, and the more likely you are to prioritize your own interests above the interests of other people, and be willing to do things to serve that self-interest, well then there's no reason to think that those patterns will change. in fact, there's every reason to think that they'll only get worse, and that's what it would look like if things just stayed the same, at the same linear rate, over the next 20 years.
now, inequality, economic inequality, is something we should all be concerned about, and not just because of those at the bottom of the social hierarchy, but because individuals and groups with lots of economic inequality do worse, not just the people at the bottom, everyone. there's a lot of really compelling research coming out from top labs all over the world showcasing the range of things that are undermined as economic inequality gets worse. social mobility, things we really care about, physical health, social trust, all go down as inequality goes up. similarly, negative things in social collectives and societies, things like obesity, and violence, imprisonment, and punishment, are exacerbated as economic inequality increases. again, these are outcomes not just experienced by a few, but that resound across all strata of society. even people at the top experience these outcomes.
so what do we do? this cascade of self-perpetuating, pernicious, negative effects could seem like something that's spun out of control, and there's nothing we can do about it, certainly nothing we as individuals could do. but in fact, we've been finding in our own laboratory research that small psychological interventions, small changes to people's values, small nudges in certain directions, can restore levels of egalitarianism and empathy. for instance, reminding people of the benefits of cooperation, or the advantages of community, cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian as poor people. in one study, we had people watch a brief video, just 46 seconds long, about childhood poverty that served as a reminder of the needs of others in the world around them, and after watching that, we looked at how willing people were to offer up their own time to a stranger presented to them in the lab who was in distress. after watching this video, an hour later, rich people became just as generous of their own time to help out this other person, a stranger, as someone who's poor, suggesting that these differences are not innate or categorical, but are so malleable to slight changes in people's values, and little nudges of compassion and bumps of empathy.
and beyond the walls of our lab, we're even beginning to see signs of change in society. bill gates, one of our nation's wealthiest individuals, in his harvard commencement speech, talked about the problem facing society of inequality as being the most daunting challenge, and talked about what must be done to combat it, saying, "humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveries, but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity." and there's the giving pledge, in which more than 100 of our nation's wealthiest individuals are pledging half of their fortunes to charity. and there's the emergence of dozens of grassroots movements, like we are the one percent, the resource generation, or wealth for common good, in which the most privileged members of the population, members of the one percent and elsewhere, people who are wealthy, are using their own economic resources, adults and youth alike, that's what's most striking to me, leveraging their own privilege, their own economic resources, to combat inequality by advocating for social policies, changes in social values, and changes in people's behavior, that work against their own economic interests but that may ultimately restore the american dream.
thank you.
(applause)
TED英语演讲稿：坠机让我学到的三件事2018ted英语演讲稿（2） | 返回目录灾难到来时，我们会发现看似普通的日常生活是多么可贵。XX年1月15日，全美航空1549号班机迫降纽约哈德逊河，ric elias 就坐在第一排的位置。听他分享在“人生最后一刻” 学到了什么。
imagine a big explosion as you climb through 3,000 ft. imagine a plane full of smoke. imagine an engine going clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack. it sounds scary.
想像一个大爆炸，当你在三千多英尺的高空;想像机舱内布满黑烟，想像引擎发出喀啦、喀啦、喀啦、喀啦、喀啦的声响，听起来很可怕。
well i had a unique seat that day. i was sitting in 1d. i was the only one who can talk to the flight attendants. so i looked at them right away, and they said, "no problem. we probably hit some birds." the pilot had already turned the plane around, and we weren't that far. you could see manhattan.
那天我的位置很特別，我坐在1d，我是唯一可以和空服员说话的人，于是我立刻看着他们，他们说，“没问题，我们可能撞上鸟了。” 机长已经把机头转向，我们离目的地很近，已经可以看到曼哈顿了。
two minutes later, 3 things happened at the same time. the pilot lines up the plane with the hudson river. that's usually not the route. he turns off the engines. now imagine being in a plane with no sound. and then he says 3 words-the most unemotional 3 words i've ever heard. he says, "brace for impact."
两分钟以后，三件事情同时发生：机长把飞机对齐哈德逊河，一般的航道可不是这样。他关上引擎。想像坐在一架没有声音的飞机上。然后他说了几个，我听过最不带情绪的几个，他说，“即将迫降，小心冲击。”
i didn't have to talk to the flight attendant anymore. i could see in her eyes, it was terror. life was over.
我不用再问空服员什么了。我可以在她眼神里看到恐惧，人生结束了。
now i want to share with you 3 things i learned about myself that day.
现在我想和你们分享那天我所学到的三件事。
i leant that it all changes in an instant. we have this bucket list, we have these things we want to do in life, and i thought about all the people i wanted to reach out to that i didn't, all the fences i wanted to mend, all the experiences i wanted to have and i never did. as i thought about that later on, i came up with a saying, which is, "collect bad wines". because if the wine is ready and the person is there, i'm opening it. i no longer want to postpone anything in life. and that urgency, that purpose, has really changed my life.
在那一瞬间内，一切都改变了。我们的人生目标清单，那些我们想做的事，所有那些我想联络却没有联络的人，那些我想修补的围墙，人际关系，所有我想经历却没有经历的事。之后我回想那些事，我想到一句话，那就是，“我收藏的酒都很差。” 因为如果酒已成熟，分享对象也有，我早就把把酒打开了。我不想再把生命中的任何事延后，这种紧迫感、目标性改变了我的生命。
the second thing i learnt that day - and this is as we clear the george washington bridge, which was by not a lot - i thought about, wow, i really feel one real regret, i've lived a good life. in my own humanity and mistaked, i've tired to get better at everything i tried. but in my humanity, i also allow my ego to get in. and i regretted the time i wasted on things that did not matter with people that matter. and i thought about my relationship with my wife, my friends, with people. and after, as i reflected on that, i decided to eliminate negative energy from my life. it's not perfect, but it's a lot better. i've not had a fight with my wife in 2 years. it feels great. i no longer try to be right; i choose to be happy.
那天我学到的第二件事是，正当我们通过乔治华盛顿大桥，那也没过多久，我想，哇，我有一件真正后悔的事。虽然我有人性缺点，也犯了些错，但我生活得其实不错。我试着把每件事做得更好。但因为人性，我难免有些自我中心，我后悔竟然花了许多时间，和生命中重要的人讨论那些不重要的事。我想到我和妻子、朋友及人们的关系，之后，回想这件事时，我决定除掉我人生中的负面情绪。还没完全做到，但确实好多了。过去两年我从未和妻子吵架，感觉很好，我不再尝试争论对错，我选择快乐。
the third thing i learned - and this's as you mental clock starts going, "15, 14, 13." you can see the water coming. i'm saying, "please blow up." i don't want this thing to break in 20 pieces like you've seen in those documentaries. and as we're coming down, i had a sense of, wow, dying is not scary. it's almost like we've been preparing for it our whole lives it was very sad. i didn't want to go. i love my life. and that sadness really framed in one thought, which is, i only wish for one thing. i only wish i could see my kids grow up.
我所学到的第三件事是，当你脑中的始终开始倒数“15，14，13”，看到水开始涌入，心想，“拜托爆炸吧!” 我不希望这东西碎成20片，就像纪录片中看到的那样。当我们逐渐下沉，我突然感觉到，哇，死亡并不可怕，就像是我们一生一直在为此做准备，但很令人悲伤。我不想就这样离开，我热爱我的生命。这个悲伤的主要来源是，我只期待一件事，我只希望能看到孩子长大。
about a month later, i was at a performance by my daugter - first-grade, not much artistic talent... yet. and i 'm balling, i'm crying, like a little kid. and it made all the sense in the world to me. i realized at that point by connecting those two dots, that the only thing that matters in my life is being a great dad. above all, above all, the only goal i have in life is to be a good dad.
一个月后，我参加女儿的表演，她一年级，没什么艺术天份，就算如此。我泪流满面，像个孩子，这让我的世界重新有了意义。当当时我意识到，将这两件事连接起来，其实我生命中唯一重要的事，就是成为一个好父亲，比任何事都重要，比任何事都重要，我人生中唯一的目标就是做个好父亲。
i was given the gift of a miracle, of not dying that day. i was given another gift, which was to be able to see into the future and come back and live differently.
那天我经历了一个奇迹，我活下來了。我还得到另一个启示，像是看见自己的未来再回來，改变自己的人生。
i challenge you guys that are flying today, imagine the same thing happens on your plane - and please don't - but imagine, and how would you change? what would you get done that you're waiting to get done because you think you'll be here forever? how would you change your relationtships and the negative energy in them? and more than anything, are you being the best parent you can?
我鼓励今天要坐飞机的各位，想像如果你坐的飞机出了同样的事，最好不要-但想像一下，你会如何改变?有什么是你想做却没做的，因为你觉得你有其它机会做它?你会如何改变你的人际关系，不再如此负面?最重要的是，你是否尽力成为一个好父母?
thank you.
谢谢。
杨澜TED英语演讲稿2018ted英语演讲稿（3） | 返回目录以下是应届毕业生演讲稿网站为大家整理推荐的杨澜在ted大会上的一篇题为the generation that's remaking china(重塑中国的一代)的演讲稿中英原文。她在演讲中分享了自己的人生经历，并讲述了当下中国的一些火热现象，演讲虽然不长，但是很多观点都很精辟，非常值得一看。
英文演讲稿：
the night before i was heading for scotland, i was invited to host the final of “china’s got talent” show in shanghai with the 80,000 live audience in the stadium. guess who was the performing guest? susan boyle. and i told her, “i’m going to scotland the next day.” she sang beautifully, and she even managed to say a few words in chinese. [chinese] soit’s not like “hello” or “thank you,” that ordinary stuff. it means “greenonion for free.” why did she say that? because it was a line from our chinese parallel susan boyle — a 50-some year-old woman, a vegetable vendor inshanghai, who loves singing western opera, but she didn’t understand anyenglish or french or italian, so she managed to fill in the lyrics with vegetable names in chinese. (laughter) and the last sentence of nessun dormathat she was singing in the stadium was “green onion for free.” so [as] susanboyle was saying that, 80,000 live audience sang together. that was hilarious.
so i guess both susan boyle and this vegetable vendor in shanghai belonged to otherness. they were the least expected to be successful in the business called entertainment, yet their courage and talent brought themthrough. and a show and a platform gave them the stage to realize their , being different is not that difficult. we are all different from different perspectives. but i think being different is good, because you present a different point of view. you may have the chance to make a difference.
my generation has been very fortunate to witness and participate in the historic transformation of china that has made so many changes in the past 20, 30 years. i remember that in the year of 1990, when i was graduating from college, i was applying for a job in the sales department of the first five-star hotel in beijing, great wall sheraton — it’s still there. so after being interrogated by this japanese manager for a half an hour,he finally said, “so, miss yang, do you have any questions to ask me?” i summoned my courage and poise and said, “yes, but could you let me know, what actually do you sell?” i didn’t have a clue what a sales department was about in a five-star hotel. that was the first day i set my foot in a five-star hotel.
around the same time, i was going through an audition —the first ever open audition by national television in china — with another thousand college girls. the producer told us they were looking for some sweet,innocent and beautiful fresh face. so when it was my turn, i stood up and said,“why [do] women’s personalities on television always have to be beautiful,sweet, innocent and, you know, supportive? why can’t they have their own ideas and their own voice?” i thought i kind of offended them. but actually, they were impressed by my words. and so i was in the second round of competition,and then the third and the fourth. after seven rounds of competition, i was the last one to survive it. so i was on a national television prime-time show. and believe it or not, that was the first show on chinese television that allowed its hosts to speak out of their own minds without reading an approved script.(applause) and my weekly audience at that time was between 200 to 300 million people.
well after a few years, i decided to go to the u.s. and columbia university to pursue my postgraduate studies, and then started my ownmedia company, which was unthought of during the years that i started mycareer. so we do a lot of things. i’ve interviewed more than a thousand peoplein the past. and sometimes i have young people approaching me say, “lan, you changed my life,” and i feel proud of that. but then we are also so fortunate to witness the transformation of the whole country. i was in beijing’s bidding for the olympic games. i was representing the shanghai expo. i saw china embracing the world and vice versa. but then sometimes i’m thinking, what are today’s young generation up to? how are they different, and what are the differences they are going to make to shape the future of china, or at large,the world?
so today i want to talk about young people through the platform of social media. first of all, who are they? [what] do they look like?well this is a girl called guo meimei — 20 years old, beautiful. she showed offher expensive bags, clothes and car on her microblog, which is the chinese version of twitter. and she claimed to be the general manager of red cross at the chamber of commerce. she didn’t realize that she stepped on a sensitive nerve and aroused national questioning, almost a turmoil, against the credibility of red cross. the controversy was so heated that the red cross had to open a press conference to clarify it, and the investigation is going on.
so far, as of today, we know that she herself made up that title — probably because she feels proud to be associated with those expensive items were given to her as gifts by her boyfriend, who used to be a board member in a subdivision of red cross at chamber of commerce. it’s very complicated to explain. but anyway, the public still doesn’t buy it. it is still boiling. it shows us a general mistrust of government or government-backed institutions, which lacked transparency in the past. and also it showed us the power and the impact of social media as microblog.
microblog boomed in the year of XX, with visitors doubled and time spent on it tripled. , a major news portal, alone hasmore than 140 million microbloggers. on tencent, 200 million. the most popular blogger — it’s not me — it’s a movie star, and she has more than 9.5 million followers, or fans. about 80 percent of those microbloggers are young people,under 30 years old. and because, as you know, the traditional media is still heavily controlled by the government, social media offers an opening to let thesteam out a little bit. but because you don’t have many other openings, theheat coming out of this opening is sometimes very strong, active and even violent.
so through microblogging, we are able to understand chinese youth even better. so how are they different? first of all, most of them were born in the 80s and 90s, under the one-child policy. and because of selected abortion by families who favored boys to girls, now we have ended up with 30 million more young men than women. that could pose a potential danger to the society, but who knows; we’re in a globalized world, so they can look for girlfriends from other countries. most of them have fairly good illiteracy rate in china among this generation is under one percent. incities, 80 percent of kids go to college. but they are facing an aging china with a population above 65 years old coming up with seven-point-some percent this year, and about to be 15 percent by the year of 2030. and you know we have the tradition that younger generations support the elders financially, and taking care of them when they’re sick. so it means young couples will have to support four parents who have a life expectancy of 73 years old.
so making a living is not that easy for young ege graduates are not in short supply. in urban areas, college graduates find the starting salary is about 400 u.s. dollars a month, while the average rent is above $500. so what do they do? they have to share space — squeezed invery limited space to save money — and they call themselves “tribe of ants.”and for those who are ready to get married and buy their apartment, they figured out they have to work for 30 to 40 years to afford their firstapartment. that ratio in america would only cost a couple five years to earn,but in china it’s 30 to 40 years with the skyrocketing real estate price.
among the 200 million migrant workers, 60 percent of them are young people. they find themselves sort of sandwiched between the urban areas and the rural areas. most of them don’t want to go back to the countryside, but they don’t have the sense of belonging. they work for longer hours with less income, less social welfare. and they’re more vulnerable to joblosses, subject to inflation, tightening loans from banks, appreciation of the renminbi, or decline of demand from europe or america for the products theyproduce. last year, though, an appalling incident in a southern oemmanufacturing compound in china: 13 young workers in their late teens and early 20s committed suicide, just one by one like causing a contagious disease. but they died because of all different personal reasons. but this whole incident aroused a huge outcry from society about the isolation, both physical and mental, ofthese migrant workers.
for those who do return back to the countryside, they find themselves very welcome locally, because with the knowledge, skills and networks they have learned in the cities, with the assistance of the internet,they’re able to create more jobs, upgrade local agriculture and create newbusiness in the less developed market. so for the past few years, the coastal areas, they found themselves in a shortage of labor.
these diagrams show a more general social background. the first one is the engels coefficient, which explains that the cost of dailynecessities has dropped its percentage all through the past decade, in terms offamily income, to about 37-some percent. but then in the last two years, it goes up again to 39 percent, indicating a rising living cost. the gini coefficient has already passed the dangerous line of 0.4. now it’s 0.5 — even worse than that in america — showing us the income inequality. and so you see this whole society getting frustrated about losing some of its mobility. and also, the bitterness and even resentment towards the rich and the powerful isquite widespread. so any accusations of corruption or backdoor dealings between authorities or business would arouse a social outcry or even unrest.
so through some of the hottest topics on microblogging,we can see what young people care most about. social justice and governmentaccountability runs the first in what they demand. for the past decade or so, amassive urbanization and development have let us witness a lot of reports onthe forced demolition of private property. and it has aroused huge anger and frustration among our young generation. sometimes people get killed, and sometimes people set themselves on fire to protest. so when these incidents are reported more and more frequently on the internet, people cry for thegovernment to take actions to stop this.
so the good news is that earlier this year, the state council passed a new regulation on house requisition and demolition and passedthe right to order forced demolition from local governments to the larly, many other issues concerning public safety is a hot topic on the internet. we heard about polluted air, polluted water, poisoned food. and guesswhat, we have faked beef. they have sorts of ingredients that you brush on apiece of chicken or fish, and it turns it to look like beef. and then lately,people are very concerned about cooking oil, because thousands of people have been found [refining] cooking oil from restaurant slop. so all these things have aroused a huge outcry from the internet. and fortunately, we have seen the government responding more timely and also more frequently to the public concerns.
while young people seem to be very sure about their participation in public policy-making, but sometimes they’re a little bit lost in terms of what they want for their personal life. china is soon to pass the u.s. as the number one market for luxury brands — that’s not including the chinese expenditures in europe and elsewhere. but you know what, half of those consumers are earning a salary below 2,000 u.s. dollars. they’re not rich atall. they’re taking those bags and clothes as a sense of identity and social status. and this is a girl explicitly saying on a tv dating show that she would rather cry in a bmw than smile on a bicycle. but of course, we do have young people who would still prefer to smile, whether in a bmw or [on] a bicycle.
so in the next picture, you see a very popular phenomenon called “naked” wedding, or “naked” marriage. it does not mean they will wear nothing in the wedding, but it shows that these young couples are ready to get married without a house, without a car, without a diamond ring and without a wedding banquet, to show their commitment to true love. and also, people are doing good through social media. and the first picture showed us that a truck caging 500 homeless and kidnapped dogs for food processing was spotted andstopped on the highway with the whole country watching through le were donating money, dog food and offering volunteer work to stop that truck. and after hours of negotiation, 500 dogs were rescued. and here also people are helping to find missing children. a father posted his son’s picture onto the internet. after thousands of [unclear], the child was found, and we witnessed the reunion of the family through microblogging.
so happiness is the most popular word we have heardthrough the past two years. happiness is not only related to personal experiences and personal values, but also, it’s about the environment. people are thinking about the following questions: are we going to sacrifice our environment further to produce higher gdp? how are we going to perform our social and political reform to keep pace with economic growth, to keep sustainability and stability? and also, how capable is the system ofself-correctness to keep more people content with all sorts of friction goingon at the same time? i guess these are the questions people are going to answer. and our younger generation are going to transform this country while at the same time being transformed themselves.
thank you very much.
译文：
来苏格兰(做ted讲演)的前夜，我被邀请去上海做”中国达人秀“决赛的评委。在装有八万现场观众的演播厅里，在台上的表演嘉宾居然是(来自苏格兰的，因参加英国达人秀走红的)苏珊大妈(susan boyle)。我告诉她，“我明天就要启程去苏格兰。” 她唱得很动听，还对观众说了几句中文，她并没有说简单的”你好“或者”谢谢“，她说的是——“送你葱”。为什么?这句话其实来源于中国版的“苏珊大妈”——一位五十岁的以卖菜为生，却对西方歌剧有出奇爱好的上海中年妇女(蔡洪平)。这位中国的苏珊大妈并不懂英文，法语或意大利文，所以她将歌剧中的词汇都换做中文中的蔬菜名，并且演唱出来。在她口中，歌剧《图兰朵》的最后一句便是“song ni cong”。当真正的英国苏珊大妈唱出这一句“中文的”《图兰朵》时，全场的八万观众也一起高声歌唱，场面的确有些滑稽。
我想susan boyle和这位上海的买菜农妇的确属于人群中的少数。她们是最不可能在演艺界成功的，而她们的勇气和才华让她们成功了，这个节目和舞台给予了她们一个实现个人梦想的机会。这样看来，与众不同好像没有那么难。从不同的方面审视，我们每个人都是不同的。但是我想，与众不同是一件好事，因为你代表了不一样的观点，你拥有了做改变的机会。
我这一代中国人很幸运的目睹并且参与了中国在过去二三十年中经历的巨变。我记得1990年，当我刚大学毕业时，我申请了当时北京的第一家五星级酒店——长城喜来登酒店的销售部门的工作。这家酒店现在仍在北京。当我被一位日本籍经理面试了一个半小时之后，他问到，“杨小姐，你有什么想问我的吗?”，我屏住呼吸，问道“是的，你能告诉我，具体我需要销售些什么吗?” 当时的我，对五星级酒店的销售部门没有任何概念，事实上，那是我第一次进到一家五星级酒店。
我当时也在参加另一场“面试”，中国国家电视台的首次公开试镜，与我一起参与选拔的还有另外1000名大学女毕业生。节目制作人说，他们希望找到一位甜美，无辜(lol)，漂亮的新鲜面孔。轮到我的时候，我问道“为什么在电视屏幕上，女性总应该表现出甜美漂亮，甚至是服从性的一面?为什么她们不能有她们自己的想法和声音?“我觉得我的问题甚至有点冒犯到了他。但实际上，他们对我的表现印象深刻。我进入了第二轮选拔，第三轮，第四轮，直至最后的第七场选拔，我是唯一一个走到最后的试镜者。我从此走上了国家电视台黄金时段的荧幕。你可能不相信，但在当时，我所主持的电视节目是中国第一个，不让主持人念已经审核过的稿件的节目(掌声)。我每周需要面对两亿到三亿左右的电视观众。
几年以后，我决定来美国哥伦比亚大学继续深造，之后也开始运营自己的媒体公司，这也是我在职业生涯初始时所没有预料到的。我的公司做很多不同的业务，在过去这些年里，我访谈过一千多人。经常有年轻人对我说，“杨澜，你改变了我的人生”，我对此感到非常自豪。我也幸运的目睹了整个国家的转变：我参与了北京申奥和上海世博会。我看到中国在拥抱这个世界，而世界也进一步的接受中国。但有时我也在想，今天的年轻人的生活是什么样的?他们(与我们相比)有什么不同?他们将带给中国，甚至整个世界的未来一些怎样的变化?
我想通过社交媒体来谈一谈中国的年轻人们。首先，他们是谁，他们是什么样子?这是一位叫郭美美的女孩儿，20岁，年轻漂亮。她在中国版的twitter上——新浪微博上，炫耀她所拥有的奢侈品，衣服，包和车。她甚至宣称她是中国红十会的工作人员。她没有意识到她的行为触及了中国民众极为敏感的神经，这引发了一场全民大讨论，民众开始质疑红十会的公信力。中国红十会为了平息这场争议甚至举办了一场记者会来澄清，直至今日，对于”郭美美事件“的调查仍在继续。
时至今日，我们所知道的事实是，她谎报了她的头衔，可能是因为她的虚荣心，希望把自己和慈善机构联系起来。所有那些奢侈品都是她的男朋友给她买的，而那位”男朋友 “的确曾经是红十会的工作人员。这解释起来很复杂，总之，公众对他们的解释仍然不满意，这仍然是在风口浪尖的一件事。这件事体现出(中国社会)对长期不透明的政府机关的不信任，同时也表现出社交媒体(微博)巨大的社会影响力。
微博在XX年得到了爆炸性的增长，微博的访问用户增长了一倍，用户的访问时间是XX年的三倍。新浪()，一个最主要的微博平台，拥有 1.4亿的微博用户，而腾讯拥有两亿用户。(在中国)最有名的微博主——不是我——是一位电影明星，她拥有近九百五十万”粉丝“。接近80%的微博用户是年轻人，三十岁以下。因为传统媒体还在政府的强力控制之下，社交媒体提供了一个开放的平台进行了一些(民众观点的)分流。因为这样分流的渠道并不多，从这个平台上爆发出的能量往往非常强烈，有时候甚至过于强烈。
通过微博，我们可以更好的了解到中国的年轻一代。首先，他们中的大多数都出生在八零九零年代，在独生子女的生育政策的大背景下长大。因为偏好男孩的家庭会选择性的堕胎，现在(中国)的年轻男性的数量多过年轻女性三千万，这可能带来社会的不稳定(危险)，但是我们知道，在这个全球化的社会中，他们可能可以去其他国家找女朋友。大多数人都拥有良好的教育。这一代中国人中的文盲率已经低于1%。在城市中，80%的孩子可以上大学，但他们将要面对的是一个，有接近7%的人口都是老年人的社会，这个数在2030年会增长到15%。在这个国家，传统是让年轻人来从经济上和医疗上来支持老年人，这意味着，一对年轻的夫妻将需要支持四个平均年龄是73岁的老人。
所以对于年轻人而言，生活并不是容易。本科毕业生也不在是紧缺资源。在城市中，本科生的月起薪通常是400美元(2500人民币)，而公寓的平均月租金却是500美元。所以他们的解决方式是合租——挤在有限的空间中以节省开支，他们叫自己”蚁族。“ 对于那些准备好结婚并希望购买一套公寓的中国年轻夫妇而言，他们发现他们必须要不间断的工作30到40年才可以负担得起一套公寓。对于同样的美国年轻夫妇而言，他们只需要五年时间。
在近两亿的涌入城市的农民工中，他们中的60%都是年轻人。他们发现自己被夹在了城市和农村中，大多数人不愿意回到农村，但他们在城市也找不到归属感。他们工作更长的时间却获得更少的薪水和社会福利。他们也更容易面临失业，受到通货膨胀，银行利率，人民币升值的影响，甚至美国和欧盟对于中国制造产品的抵制也会影响到他们。去年，在中国南方的一个制造工厂里，有十三位年轻的工人选择了结束自己的生命，一个接一个，像一场传染病。他们轻生的原因各有不同，但整个事件提醒了中国社会和政府，需要更多的关注这些在精神上和生理上都与外界脱节的年轻农民工人。
对于那些回到农村的年轻人，他们所经历的城市生活，所学到的知识，技巧和建立的社会网络，让他们通常更受欢迎。特别是在互联网的帮助下，他们更有可能获得工作，提升农村的农业水平和发展新的商业机会。在过去的一些年中，一些沿海的城镇甚至出现了劳动力短缺。
这些图片展现出整体的社会背景。第一张图片是恩格斯系数(食品支出占总消费支出的比例)，可以看到在过去的十年中，食物和生活必需品在家庭消费中的比例有所下降(37%)，然后在过去的两年中，这项指数上升到39%，说明近两年中生活成本的攀升。基尼系数早已越过了危险的0.4，到达0.5——这甚至高过了美国——体现出极大的贫富差距，所以我们才看到整个社会的失衡。同时，“仇富心态”也开始在整个社会蔓延，任何与腐败和走后门相关的政府或商业丑闻都会引发社会危机和不稳定。
通过微博上很火的话题，我们可以看到年轻人的关注点。社会公正和政府的公信力是他们首要需求的。在过去的十年中，急速的城市化让民众读到太多强制私人住户拆迁的新闻，这引发了年轻一代的愤怒和不理解。有时候，被拆迁的住户以自杀和自焚的方式来抗议(强制拆迁行为)。当这些事件越来越常在互联网上被揭露出来，人们期待政府可以采取一些更积极的制止行动。
好消息是，今年早些时候，人民代表大会通过了一项关于房屋征用和拆迁的新法规，将征用和拆迁的权利从当地政府移交到了法庭。相同的，很多其他与公共安全相关的问题也在互联网上被热烈讨论。我们听到有太多空气污染，水污染，有毒食品的报道。你甚至都想不到，我们还有假牛肉。人们用一种特殊的材料加入鸡肉和鱼肉中，然后以牛肉的价格进行出售。最近，人们对食用油也很担忧，大量的餐馆被发现在使用“地沟油“。所有这些事件引发了互联网上民众观点的大爆发。幸运的是，我们看到了政府正在更积极和更及时的对这些民众的质疑给予回应。
一方面，年轻人越来越积极的参与到公共事务中;另一方面，他们也在寻找或者说迷失与个人生活的价值和定位。中国很快就要超过美国，成为世界上第一大奢侈品消费国——这还不包括中国人在国外的消费。但你知道吗，超过半数中国的奢侈品消费者的(年)收入都低于两千美元。他们其实并不富裕，他们用那些奢侈品牌的服装和包体现身份和社会地位。这是一位在电视节目上公然表明，自己宁愿在宝马车里哭也不坐在自行车后笑的年轻女孩。当然，我们也有更多的年轻人，喜欢微笑，不管是在宝马还是在自行车上。
在下一幅图中，你看到的是现在非常流行的”裸婚“，这并不代表这“裸露出席婚礼”，这体现的是年轻人愿意接受结婚不买房，不买车，不买钻戒，甚至不办婚宴的这个现实，作为对纯朴的真爱的致敬。但同时，人们也在通过社交媒体做一些善事。这副图片里，这辆车上装有500只被”绑架“来，准备被送去屠宰的狗，这辆车被网友们发现后，人们开始通过微博关注事态的进展，并且通过捐钱，捐食物和做义工来试图拦截该车。在几个小时的周旋后，这500条狗获救并被放生。有更多的人在通过微博寻找丢失的孩子。一位父亲将他失散的儿子的照片发布到微博上，在几千条”转发“之后，他的儿子被找到，家庭的团聚也在微博上被报道出来。
“幸福(感)”是近两年中国的流行词汇。幸福感不仅仅与个人体验和价值观相关，更多的，它与环境息息相关。人们在思考：我们是否要牺牲环境来提升gdp?我们要怎样进行社会和政治体制的改革来应对经济的发展，保持稳定性和可持续性发展?同时，这个系统的自我修正能力是否足够强大，是否能够让生活在其中的人民接受在前进过程中的各种压力和困难?我想这些都是中国人民需要回答的问题，而中国的年轻一代将在改变这个国家的过程中也改变自己。
非常感谢。
Ted英语演讲稿：On what we think we know？我们以为自己知道的2018ted英语演讲稿（4） | 返回目录i'm going to try and explain why it is that perhaps we don't understand as much as we think we do. i'd like to begin with four questions. this is not some sort of cultural thing for the time of year. that's an in-joke, by the way.
我会试着解释为何 我们知道的东西很可能并没有我们自以为知道的多 我想从四个问题开始,不是那种今年流行的文化问题 对了，刚刚那句是个圈内笑话
but these four questions, actually, are ones that people who even know quite a lot about science find quite hard. and they're questions that i've asked of science television producers, of audiences of science educators -- so that's science teachers -- and also of seven-year-olds, and i find that the seven-year-olds do marginally better than the other audiences, which is somewhat surprising.
不过这四个问题，事实上 即使是很懂科学的人也会觉得很难应答 我拿这些问题去问科学节目制片人 问那些有科学教育背景的观众 也问教科学的老师还有七岁孩童 我发现七岁孩童答得比其他人好 这是有些令人惊讶
so the first question, and you might want to write this down, either on a bit of paper, physically, or a virtual piece of paper in your head. and, for viewers at home, you can try this as well.
第一个问题，我建议你把问题记下来 抄在纸上，或想像中的纸上 坐在电脑前的你也可以试著作答.
a little seed weighs next to nothing and a tree weighs a lot, right? i think we agree on that. where does the tree get the stuff that makes up this chair, right? where does all this stuff come from?
种籽很轻，而大树很重，是吗?我想我们都同意吧，大树用来制成椅子的东西是从哪来的? 对吧?这些东西都是怎么来的?
(knocks)
(敲椅声)
and your next question is, can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery, a bulb and one piece of wire? and would you be able to, kind of, draw a -- you don't have to draw the diagram, but would you be able to draw the diagram, if you had to do it? or would you just say, that's actually not possible?
问题二，你能否点亮一个小灯泡 只用1个电池、1个灯泡、和1条电线? 那你能画出上述问题的图解吗?不用真的画 但如果需要的话， 你能画出来吗? 还是你会说 这个不可能?
the third question is, why is it hotter in summer than in winter? i think we can probably agree that it is hotter in summer than in winter, but why? and finally, would you be able to -- and you can sort of scribble it, if you like -- scribble a plan diagram of the solar system, showing the shape of the planets' orbits? would you be able to do that? and if you can, just scribble a pattern.
第三个问题，为什么夏天比冬天热? 大家应该都同意夏天比冬天还热 但为何如此?最后，你能不能 简单的勾勒出 太阳系的平面图... 呈现出行星轨道运行的形状 你可以画得出来吗? 你画得出来的话，就把形状画出来
ok. now, children get their ideas not from teachers, as teachers often think, but actually from common sense, from experience of the world around them, from all the things that go on between them and their peers, and their carers, and their parents, and all of that. experience. and one of the great experts in this field, of course, was, bless him, cardinal wolsey. be very careful what you get into people's heads because it's virtually impossible to shift it afterwards, right?
好，孩童对事物的概念不是老师教的 老师时常这么以为，但实际上概念来自于常理 来自于孩童对周遭世界的体验 来自于他们跟同伴彼此交流 还有跟保姆、父母亲、所有人交流的经验 这个领域中的一个专家，对了，愿他安息 就是渥西主教，他说要你将东西放进其他人的闹袋里的时候要小心 因为那些东西几乎不会再改变，对吧?
(laughter)
(笑声)
i'm not quite sure how he died, actually. was he beheaded in the end, or hung?
我不太清楚他的死因，真的 他最后上了断头台?还是被吊死?
(laughter)
(笑声)
now, those questions, which, of course, you've got right, and you haven't been conferring, and so on. and i -- you know, normally, i would pick people out and humiliate, but maybe not in this instance.
现在回到那四个问题，大家都知道是什么问题了 你们彼此之间也没有讨论答案 我平时习惯点人站起来回答让他丢脸 不过这次就不点了
a little seed weighs a lot and, basically, all this stuff, 99 percent of this stuff, came out of the air. now, i guarantee that about 85 percent of you, or maybe it's fewer at ted, will have said it comes out of the ground. and some people, probably two of you, will come up and argue with me afterwards, and say that actually, it comes out of the ground. now, if that was true, we'd have trucks going round the country, filling people's gardens in with soil, it'd be a fantastic business. but, actually, we don't do that. the mass of this comes out of the air. now, i passed all my biology exams in britain. i passed them really well, but i still came out of school thinking that that stuff came out of the ground.
种籽可以很重，基本上所有的这些 99%都来自于空气 我相信有85%的人，或许在你们ted会比较少 会说木材来自于大地，而有些人 也许你们中的一两位， 可能结束后会来找我争论 说木材其实是来自于大地 若是如此，那我们就会有让卡车跑来跑去 把人们的花园都填上土，那会是很棒的生意。 不过实际上我们不会那么做 因为木材的材料大部分其实是从空气中来的 我在英国念书时考生物每考必过 我的成绩很好，但毕业后 还是以为木材来自于大地
second one: can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery bulb and one piece of wire? yes, you can, and i'll show you in a second how to do that. now, i have some rather bad news, which is that i had a piece of video that i was about to show you, which unfortunately -- the sound doesn't work in this room, so i'm going to describe to you, in true "monty python" fashion, what happens in the video. and in the video, a group of researchers go to mit on graduation day. we chose mit because, obviously, that's a very long way away from here, and you wouldn't mind too much, but it sort of works the same way in britain and in the west coast of the usa. and we asked them these questions, and we asked those questions of science graduates, and they couldn't answer them. and so, there's a whole lot of people saying, "i'd be very surprised if you told me that this came out of the air. that's very surprising to me." and those are science graduates. and we intercut it with, "we are the premier science university in the world," because of british-like hubris.
你能用一枚电池和一根电线点亮灯泡吗? 是，你可以，我会示范怎么做。 不过，现在有个坏消息 本来有个影片要给大家看 可惜在这边声音放不出来 所以我就口头描述一下的，用巨蟒剧团的表演方式， 影片内容是这样的，在影片里有一群研究员 在毕业典礼那天去麻省理工学院 为什么是麻省理工呢?因为它离这里很远 大家也就不会太介意 不过场景设在英国结果也差不多 或是设在美国西岸 我们问了麻省理工的毕业生这四个问题 这些理工科毕业生也答不出来 而且还有很多学生表示 “我很惊讶你说木材是从空气中来的 ”这真的让我很吃惊“，那些理工的毕业生这么说 我们用”我们是全球第一的理工大学“来作影片的结尾。 因为英国人很傲慢
(laughter)
(笑声)
and when we gave graduate engineers that question, they said it couldn't be done. and when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb, and said, "can you do it?" they couldn't do it. right? and that's no different from imperial college in london, by the way, it's not some sort of anti-american thing going on.
我们拿第二个问题去问硕士毕业的工程师们 他们说这不可能做得到 我们拿了电池、电线、和灯泡 问他们”你能做到吗?“，他们没办法，是吧? 顺道一提，伦敦的帝国学院的情况估计也差不多如此 我们不是在做什么反美的事
as if. now, the reason this matters is we pay lots and lots of money for teaching people -- we might as well get it right. and there are also some societal reasons why we might want people to understand what it is that's happening in photosynthesis. for example, one half of the carbon equation is how much we emit, and the other half of the carbon equation, as i'm very conscious as a trustee of kew, is how much things soak up, and they soak up carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
虽然听来颇像。问题的关键是我们花了很多钱 来教育大众，我们应该正确地来做这件事。 其中也有一些社会因素 让我们想使大众了解光合作用如何运作 例如，有一半的碳储量是人类排放的 而另一半碳储量 我相当关切，身为皇家植物园的受托管理人
that's what plants actually do for a living. and, for any finnish people in the audience, this is a finnish pun: we are, both literally and metaphorically, skating on thin ice if we don't understand that kind of , here's how you do the battery and the bulb. it's so easy, isn't it? of course, you all knew that. but if you haven't played with a battery and a bulb, if you've only seen a circuit diagram, you might not be able to do that, and that's one of the problems.
是植物吸收多少二氧化碳 植物就是以此维生的 如果在场有芬兰人，这是芬兰话的双关语 我们无论在实际上或隐喻上，都是如履薄冰 要是我们不明白那些事 电池和灯泡只要这要做就行 很简单，不是吗?你们都懂了 但要是你没有亲手碰过电池和灯泡 如果你只看过电路图 你可能就做不出来，这是个麻烦
so, why is it hotter in summer than in winter? we learn, as children, that you get closer to something that's hot, and it burns you. it's a very powerful bit of learning, and it happens pretty early on. by extension, we think to ourselves, "why it's hotter in summer than in winter must be because we're closer to the sun." i promise you that most of you will have got that. oh, you're all shaking your heads, but only a few of you are shaking your heads very firmly.
那么，为何夏天比冬天热? 我们从小就知道，离热的东西太近 你就被烫到，这真很有效的教育方法 很小的时候大家就学到了 延伸这个论点，我们觉得夏天比冬天热 一定是因为我们离太阳比较近 我相信大多人都懂了 哦，大家都在摇头 不过只有几个人摇得很坚定
other ones are kind of going like this. all right. it's hotter in summer than in winter because the rays from the sun are spread out more, right, because of the tilt of the earth. and if you think the tilt is tilting us closer, no, it isn't. the sun is 93 million miles away, and we're tilting like this, right? it makes no odds. in fact, in the northern hemisphere, we're further from the sun in summer, as it happens, but it makes no odds, the difference.
其他人只是这样子摇而已，好吧 夏天比冬天热是因为太阳的辐射线 传播得比较多，地球倾斜的关系 如果你以为是朝太阳的方向倾斜，那就错了 太阳离地球1亿5千万公里，地球倾斜角度大略如此 倾斜不是差别所在，在北半球 夏天时我们离太阳更远 跟倾斜没有关系
ok, now, the scribble of the diagram of the solar system. if you believe, as most of you probably do, that it's hotter in summer than in winter because we're closer to the sun, you must have drawn an ellipse. right? that would explain it, right? except, in your -- you're nodding -- now, in your ellipse, have you thought, "well, what happens during the night?"
好，问题四是画出太阳系的平面图 如果大家相信，大多数可能都相信 夏天比冬天热是因为地球离太阳较近 大家应该都画了椭圆形 对吧?这就能解释了吧? 除非，你点头了，你画了个椭圆形 你有想过，「夜晚又是怎么回事」?
between australia and here, right, they've got summer and we've got winter, and what -- does the earth kind of rush towards the sun at night, and then rush back again? i mean, it's a very strange thing going on, and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right, and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields.
澳洲和美国这边，澳洲是夏天 这边是冬天，难道说 地球在晚上会冲向太阳 然后再冲回来?这实在很奇怪 我们脑中有两种思考模式，对的和错的 身为人类，我们在很多领域都这样思考
so, here's copernicus' view of what the solar system looked like as a plan. that's pretty much what you should have on your piece of paper. right? and this is nasa's view. they're stunningly similar. i hope you notice the coincidence here.
左边是哥白尼画的太阳系平面图 跟你们纸上画的差不多，对吧 右边是nasa的版本，两张图非常相似 我希望大家注意其中的巧合 要是你知道人们有错误观念
what would you do if you knew that people had this misconception, right, in their heads, of elliptical orbits caused by our experiences as children? what sort of diagram would you show them of the solar system, to show that it's not really like that? you'd show them something like this, wouldn't you? it's a plan, looking down from above. but, no, look what i found in the textbooks. that's what you show people, right?
你会怎么做 在他们脑中，楕圆形的轨道 是他们儿时经验教的吗? 你会给他们看什么样的太阳系示意图? 证明太阳系不是他们想的那样 你会给他们看这种图吗? 这是俯瞰的平面图 可是并非如此，瞧瞧我在教科书里找到的 你会给他们看这种图对吧?
these are from textbooks, from websites, educational websites -- and almost anything you pick up is like that. and the reason it's like that is because it's dead boring to have a load of concentric circles, whereas that's much more exciting, to look at something at that angle, isn't it? right?
出自教科书 出自教育网站 你找得到的几乎都是这种图 会以这种视角呈现是因为 只有一堆同心圆太死板无趣 从这种视角看太阳系比较新鲜刺激 不是吗?
and by doing it at that angle, if you've got that misconception in your head, then that two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional thing will be ellipses. so you've -- it's crap, isn't it really? as we say.
因为弄成这种视角 如果你脑中有了这种误解 用二度空间来呈现三度空间就会变成椭圆形 这真是糟糕，可不是吗?
so, these mental models -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models. we do this, of course, with matters of race, and politics, and everything else, and we do it in science as well. so we look, just look -- and scientists do it, constantly -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models, and some folks are just all too able and willing to provide the evidence that reinforces the models.
因此，我们寻求证据来增强我们的心智模式 我们用这种方式处理种族、政治、所有事 当然也用这种方式处理科学，我们只观看 是科学家在这么做，我们不断寻求证据 来增强我们的心智模式，有些人很有办法 也乐意提供证据来增强那些模式
so, being i'm in the united states, i'll have a dig at the europeans. these are examples of what i would say is bad practice in science teaching centers.
所以我现在人在美国，就会说欧洲人的坏话 这些图片都是我认为不良的科学教育
these pictures are from la villette in france and the welcome wing of the science museum in london. and, if you look at the, kind of the way these things are constructed, there's a lot of mediation by glass, and it's very blue, and kind of professional -- in that way that, you know, woody allen comes up from under the sheets in that scene in "annie hall," and said, "god, that's so professional." and that you don't -- there's no passion in it, and it's not hands on, right, and, you know, pun intended.
类似教学中心，这些图取自法国维叶特科博馆 以及伦敦科博馆的迎宾翼展示区 你看看这些东西建成的模样 有很多玻璃隔板，蓝光色调，弄得很专业似的 那种方式，就像是伍迪艾伦从床单里冒出来 在《安妮霍尔》戏中的那一幕 他说“老天，这真是太专业了” 这其中没有热情，没有动手参与，是吗 这是个双关，不过也有好的教学方法
whereas good interpretation -- i'll use an example from nearby -- is san francisco exploratorium, where all the things that -- the demonstrations, and so on, are made out of everyday objects that children can understand, it's very hands-on, and they can engage with, and experiment with. and i know that if the graduates at mit and in the imperial college in london had had the battery and the wire and the bit of stuff, and you know, been able to do it, they would have learned how it actually works, rather than thinking that they follow circuit diagrams and can't do it. so good interpretation is more about things that are bodged and stuffed and of my world, right? and things that -- where there isn't an extra barrier of a piece of glass or machined titanium, and it all looks fantastic, ok?
我举一个例子，离这里很近，旧金山探索馆 在那里所有的东西，展示品之类的 都是用孩子能懂的日常用品做成的 都可以动手玩，孩子们可以专心玩好好体验 我知道麻省理工毕业生 以及伦敦帝国学院毕业生 手上有电池电线点亮灯泡的话 他们会明白其中的原理 而不是觉得他们照着电路图来做是做不到的 好的教学方法不是 沉溺陶醉在自己世界里对吧? 那些东西也不该被隔着 用玻璃或是钛制品隔开 看起来很漂亮就好，好吗?
and the exploratorium does that really, really well. and it's amateur, but amateur in the best sense, in other words, the root of the word being of love and passion.
旧金山探索馆在这点做得非常好 看上去很业余，但业余得很对头 也就是说，根本的出发点是出自爱和热情
so, children are not empty vessels, ok?so, as "monty python" would have it, this is a bit lord privy seal to say so, but this is -- children are not empty vessels.
所以，孩童不是空瓶子 用“巨蟒剧团”的说法 就是有点像英国掌玺大臣会说的 意思是说孩童不是空无一物的瓶子
they come with their own ideas and their own theories, and unless you work with those, then you won't be able to shift them, right?
他们生来就有自己的想法和理念 如果你没从这些地方着手，就改变不了他们 对吧?
and i probably haven't shifted your ideas of how the world and universe operates, either. but this applies, equally, to matters of trying to sell new technology.
我大概没有改变大家的想法 对于世界和宇宙到底如何运作 不过这些道理同样可以用在推销新科技上也
for example, we are, in britain, we're trying to do a digital switchover of the whole population into digital technology [for television].
例如，在英国，我们试着把全部的电视 都换成新科技的数位电视
and it's one of the difficult things is that when people have preconceptions of how it all works, it's quite difficult to shift those.
有个难题是 人们对事物运作的方式一旦有了成见 就很难去改变
so we're not empty vessels; the mental models that we have as children persist into adulthood. poor teaching actually does more harm than good.
我们不是空瓶子，我们保有心智模式 从幼年到成年一直都存在 不良的教学是弊多于利
in this country and in britain, magnetism is understood better by children before they've been to school than afterwards, ok? same for gravity, two concepts, so it's -- which is quite humbling, as a, you know, if you're a teacher, and you look before and after, that's quite worrying. they do worse in tests afterwards, after the teaching.
在美国和英国，在磁力知识上 孩童在就学前学得比较好 重力知识也一样，两个不同概念，这实在可悲 如果你是个老师，看见受教前和受教后的差别 实在令人忧心，学童在受教后考得更差
and we collude. we design tests, or at least in britain, so that people pass them. right? and governments do very well. they pat themselves on the back. ok?
我们都是共犯，我们设计测验方式 至少在英国是这样，好让人们能通过考试 政府也帮了不少忙，他们推波助澜 懂吗?
we collude, and actually if you -- if someone had designed a test for me when i was doing my biology exams, to really understand, to see whether i'd understood more than just kind of putting starch and iodine together and seeing it go blue, and really understood that plants took their mass out of the air, then i might have done better at science. so the most important thing is to get people to articulate their models.
我们都是共犯 如果有人替我设计测验 在我要考生物的时候 让我能真正明白，明白我是否真的懂了 不是只在淀粉中加入碘液 看着反应呈现蓝色 而且能真正明白植物是从空气中茁壮的 我的科学可能就会学得比较好 所以，最重要的是要让人们能表述清楚他们的模型
your homework is -- you know, how does an aircraft's wing create lift? an obvious question, and you'll have an answer now in your heads. and the second question to that then is, ensure you've explained how it is that planes can fly upside down. ah ha, right.
回家作业是，机翼是怎样帮助飞机起飞的? 这问题很好懂，大家心中也有答案了 注意事项是 你要确保自己能解释为何飞机头向下的时候也能飞， 对吧
second question is, why is the sea blue? all right? and you've all got an idea in your head of the answer. so, why is it blue on cloudy days? ah, see.
问题二，海为何是蓝色的? 大家心中应该都有答案了 那么，为什么阴天时海还是蓝的?看吧 (笑声) 我一直想在美国讲这句话
(laughter)
(笑声)
i've always wanted to say that in this country. (laughter) finally, my plea to you is to allow yourselves, and your children, and anyone you know, to kind of fiddle with stuff, because it's by fiddling with things that you, you know, you complement your other learning. it's not a replacement, it's just part of learning that's important. thank you very much. now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on.
最后，我希望大家能让自己，还有孩子 以及任何你认识的人，去动手接触事物 因为亲自接触了事物，你知道的 你就补足了其他方面的学习不足，这不是替换 这只是学习中很重要的一部分 谢谢大家 那么，噢，没关系，继续吧
(applause)
(鼓掌)
